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Svante Westerlund Ph. D., Director Phone: +46(0)480 28109 Email: svante.westerlund@causal.st Address: Vintergatan 9 B SE-393 51 Kalmar, Sweden |
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| Summary of
'Dead Matter has Memory' by Svante Westerlund |
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Chapter 1: Physical theory versus reality We use this chapter to throw suspicion on physical theory. The criticism is based on the approximations that are always used and always accepted without hesitation. The two big issues are the concept of equilibrium and the isolated system which are basically one and the same thing and imply that the process is disconnected from any influence of the rest of the world. Under the name 'kitchen model' we collect phobias, figments of the imagination, all false notions and interpretations, etc. that we have acquired during our childhood and in our earlier life, and which we apply when we discuss physical theory. Finally, how come that theoreticians still consider insulation resistance to be constant when it in experiments since more than hundred years has been found to have a huge time dependence. Chapter 2: A new model of reality Reality is pictured as a system of processes, each of which has more than one input and more than one output. This model is never discussed in normal textbooks but has great advantages. In conventional physics a process is a proportional relation between one input and one output signal. Such a model is characterized of one model constant. We consider a model which is based on two constants. This model will in the rest of the book be called 'the simplest model'. We also have problems with the common derivatives of integer order. Chapter 3: Properties of the simplest model Here the properties of 'the simplest model' are examined. This results in a table that compares reality with the simplest model, and the conventional model. A property that we find the simplest model (as well as reality) to possess is memory, as is hinted by the title of this book. The causal counterpart to Einstein's mass/energy equivalence relation is formulated, and it is found to be a process, not an equivalence. Fractional derivatives appear and the shortcomings of integer order derivatives become evident. Graininess of nature is mentioned. In table 3.1 reality, the causal model and the conventional model are compared. Chapter 4: Red shift - the signature of nature All spectra of natural signals are red shifted, i. e. they carry most of their energy in the low frequency end of the spectrum. Red shift is a sign of age - the redder the spectrum, the older the process. Signals with a red spectrum are not random, which makes it impossible to use statistics to characterize natural processes. Further, old or large processes can not be controlled by the input. Graininess turns up again. Man is a system of causal processes. Signals in nature can be either intensive (electric field) or extensive (electrical charge), and it is sometimes difficult to know which. Chapter 5: Mechanics Hooke's law and the shear law have simple causal counterparts. Viscosity has economically important applications, most of which correspond to models with n values far off from both zero and one. Therefore, they have earlier been represented by non-linear models. Newton's mechanics is an old field where many processes are well represented by the conventional, one parameter, models. Experimental mechanical strength of materials is a small fraction of the strength that theory predicts. This is caused by many-body effects. Einstein's relativity acts to preserve causality. Chapter 6: Thermodynamics The entropy concept has arisen out of the mistake of classifying energy as an extensive process parameter, while in reality it is intensive. When energy is intensive it becomes self-evident that heat flows from a body of high temperature to a body of lower temperature. Thus, the entropy concept is not really needed and never was. Further, nature is causal, not statistical, which means that statistical mechanics cannot be used to describe reality. Causality in combination with the causal mass/energy process can explain most features of thermodynamics, and even clear away a couple of paradoxes. Chapter 7: Electricity Instead of the conventional relations Q=C?lt;/span>V, F=L?lt;/span>I and V=R?lt;/span>I we obtain the causal relations Q=C?lt;/span>?lt;/span>V(n-1), and F=L?lt;/span>?lt;/span>I(p-1). Ohm’s law is not needed any more since both the other two constitutive relations contribute to the losses. Of the four remaining Maxwell equations only two are needed since causal electricity is dynamic and DC-fields do not occur. They are in the engineering formulation I=dQ/dt, and V=-dF/dt. These equations are both approximate. Free charge is a problem in all electric theories, and as a solution it is proposed that it is ignored. This is not right but it is an improvement over today’s situation. er=1+c(jw) is the theoretical function that relates E-field and D-field. When in the 1960’s and 1970’s I worked with VLF propagation I understood that my theoretical model was wrong. This was an understanding beyond doubt, which it took many years to reach. When in 1982 I first heard about Curie’s law I immediately realized that er=1+c(jw) should be replaced with the causal process function er=e?lt;/span>?lt;/span>d(n-1)/dt(n-1), which in the frequency domain becomes er=e?lt;/span>?lt;/span>(jw)n-1. Electric and magnetic fields in matter cannot be computed because of many-body effects. Dielectric strength, like mechanical strength, is reduced by a factor of 10 to 1000 from theoretical estimates, also due to many-body effects. This makes it impossible to foresee properties of mixed dielectrics. Chapter 8: Quantum mechanics The problems of quantum mechanics are well-known. Every physicist has learned to keep silent about them. They are the result of attempts to build a theory on isolated processes without losses. The photon is an isolated process and consequently unacceptable in a causal world. The reason why it was introduced is that energy by mistake was classified as an extensive quantity while it is an intensive signal. When the quantum model is replaced with the causal model, including many-body effects and resonances, all paradoxes and absurdities disappear. We can mention one of them. An electron that is moving in vacuum will radiate electromagnetic energy and gradually lose its kinetic energy. When the electron is moving in an orbit around a atomic nucleus it does not radiate. The explanation is that an electron, close to a dense mass like a nucleus, is transformed into an energy wave in order to satisfy the mass/energy balance expressed by the mass/energy process, eq. (3.10). We also observe how moving electrons inside matter may attract each other. In the same way particles in a dynamic stage display properties that has nothing with their static appearance to do. Chapter 9: Cosmology The red shift is in all probability not of recessional origin. Instead it expresses the attenuation of a causal electromagnetic wave as it propagates in quasi-vacuum. This means that the big bang is a myth. It is then not necessary to accept that the age of the universe is 15 billion years, and we can assume that it is much older. With the big bang and its high temperatures not available any more we need a replacement of it in the creation process. This is the many-body mechanism that renders creation possible everywhere and all the time. If we assume that the creation of matter will start out from high quality energy and be terminated with iron, we find that if we go from energy to hydrogen we have come about 99 per cent on the way to iron. I think cosmological speculations do not comprised this fact yet, but have only been busy with the resonance type of matter. Chapter 10: A profile on reality Everything in nature can be described by one or several processes. We can therefore design a model of nature by a system of processes. Conventional physics uses models described by one model constant, which means that model input is proportional to model output. A causal model is described by two constants. One of the constants concerns amplification, and the other phase difference between input and output. This imposes upon the process a direction, in which it prefers to run. This is the direction which generates entropy, and the input signal is then intensive and the output signal is extensive. Entropy is not necessary in causal physics since every process there has losses. Extensive quantities require space, they are grainy and the graininess strives to increase in the respect that the presence of big grains increases at the expense of small grains. This is related to the tendency of all causal processes to increase in size. And let us realize that nothing in nature can be correctly described by mathematical equations. Statistics is an even poorer tool when it comes to describing nature. Man is a causal process that is very efficient in generating entropy. We possess a very large number of degrees of freedom, which provide an exceptional versatility in entropy production. The object of nature is to shackle us to each other and to nature with every degree of freedom we possess. People walking in step, in various respects, represent more entropy than the corresponding number of individuals. « Previous Page |
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| © Svante Westerlund, Causal Consulting, 2002 |